Which Languages Are Parts of the Indo-european Language Family

The Indo European language family unit is widely used in many parts of Europe, the Americas, and in Southern and Western Asia. It comprises 446 living languages, representing 6.2% of all languages in the world. Some three billion or 46.32% speak the languages belong to the Indo European language family unit. It is believed that they came from the Proto-Indo European linguistic communication, a hypothetical language that is already extinct.

Historians posit that the earliest speakers of the Proto-Indo European language inhabited places in Ukraine and parts of Southern Russia and the Caucasus, and then moved on to other parts of Europe also as India. Linguistic experts think that it was around 3400 BCE when the unity of the Proto-Indo-European language occurred.

Countries speaking Indo European language family today

Today's native distribution of Indo European language family encompasses 64 countries. The language family has several branches and sub-branches. The most widely spoken are English, Castilian, Portuguese, Russian, French, German, Hindustani, Punjabi, Bengali and Farsi.

1. Canada
2. U.s.a.
3. Afghanistan
4. Pakistan
5. Egypt
6. Islamic republic of iran
7. Iraq
8. Israel
9. Oman
10. Republic of albania
11. Armenia
12. Bulgaria
13. Croatia
14. Czech
15. Tajikistan,
16. Turkey
17. Ukraine
18. Macedonia
19. Republic of azerbaijan
20. Republic of bosnia and herzegovina
21. Belarus
22. Republic of ireland
23. Isle of Man
24. Republic of austria
25. Belgium
26. Kingdom of denmark
27. Faroe Islands
28. Finland
29. France
30. Italy
31. Vatican State
32. Germany
33. Greece
34. Sweden
35. Switzerland
36. United Kingdom
37. Jersey
38. Iceland
39. Netherlands
40. Latvia
41. Lithuania
42. Luxembourg
43. Norway
44. Poland
45. Romania
46. Russian Federation
47. Serbia
48. Slovakia
49. Slovenia
50. Brazil
51. Republic of peru
52. Portugal
53. Spain
54. Venezuela
55. China
56. People's republic of bangladesh
57. India
58. Myanmar
59. Nepal
60. Sri Lanka
61. Republic of the fiji islands
62. Republic of the maldives
63. South Africa
64. Suriname

Divisions that occurred

Through the course of time, the language family unit grew because similar dialects spoken in different countries that may be mutually comprehensible were declared dissimilar from one some other. Norwegian, for example is related to Danish and Bulgarian is related to Macedonian. The same happened to Czech and Slovak also as Serbian and Croatian. Afrikaans is a variant of Dutch. In Kingdom of belgium, instead of using Walloon and Flemish, French and Dutch were declared the official languages.

In some countries, an official language could be of external origin while the local dialects are declared as variations. Switzerland's official language is German while the more than widely used German spoken dialects were groups into what's called Schwytzertütsch.

Branches of the Indo European language family

There are 10 main branches of the Indo European linguistic communication family, including Anatolian, Albanian, Armenian, Balto-Slavic, Celtic, Greek, Germanic, Indo-Iranian, Italic and Tocharian. Each 1 covers different areas in the world. Nevertheless, some of these branches are already extinct. Today, the largest amidst the Indo European language family branch is Indo-Iranian. Some of the language branches are too composed of a few sub-branches, which are detailed below.

1. Anatolian

The Anatolian branch was ascendant in Turkey'southward Asian portion. It was also dominant is some parts of northern Syrian arab republic. Among the languages belonging to this branch, the nigh famous was Hittite. At the Hattusas site, which was the capital letter of the Hittite Kingdom, several Hittite finds were discovered in 1906 CE. In the remains of a regal archive, various fragments and x,000 cuneiform tablets from mid to late 2d millennium BCE were found. Examples of the linguistic communication families that were found were Lydian, Lycian, Palaic and Luvian. These are the oldest surviving examples of the Indo European language from 1800 BCE. However, all the languages of the Anatolian branch are already extinct.

2. Indo-Iranian

In that location are two sub-branches of the Indo-Iranian branch – Iranian and Indic. The languages belonging to this co-operative are usually used in Iran, Pakistan and India, and areas close to these countries. Some of the languages have traveled to some parts along the Blackness Sea upward to Western China.

Sanskrit, which is still used today as a ceremonial language, belongs to the Indic sub-co-operative. Its meaning is "refined" or "perfected." The oldest variety of these languages is called Vedic Sanskrit, which was used in the Vedas. These are Ancient Bharat's collection of religious texts and hymns. The speakers of Indic came from Central Asia in 1500 BCE and entered the Indian subcontinent. A tape of the linguistic communication migration is plant in hymn ane.131 of the Rig-Veda.

Ane linguistic communication that is part of the Iranian sub-branch is Avestan. The oldest preserved language of this sub-co-operative is Old Avestan, also called Gathic Avestan, which is considered equally Sanskrit's sister. Old Avestan was used in the religious texts of early Zoroastrian. Old Farsi is another part of the Iranian sub-branch. From the tardily six^th century BCE, it was the language used in the Achaemenid dynasty'south royal inscriptions.

Today, many of the languages in the Indic sub-branch are spoken in Pakistan and India, similar Bengali, Punjabi and Hindi-Urdu. In Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Iran and Iraq, Kurdish, Pashto and Farsi or modern Western farsi are commonly spoken.

3. Greek

Greek is a drove of different dialects. It has over 3,000 years of written history. It is ascendant in the Aegean Body of water and surrounding areas, the Peloponnese peninsula and the Balkans' southern end.

One of the primeval evidence was Mycenaean, which was used by the Mycenaean civilization and was inscribed on ceramic vessels and dirt tablets institute in Crete. The language used syllabic script due to the absenteeism of an alphabetic written organisation.

The very first alphabetic inscription of the Greek language appeared around the early on part of the eight^th century BCE, which was around the time the Odyssey and the Iliad, written by Homer, were produced in the present from. Greek was composed of several dialects but Athens was culturally supreme at that time. Thus, Attic, which was a dialect of Athens, became the standard during 480-323 BCE. The Cranium dialect was used by several authors including Plato, Euripides, Aristotle and Aristophanes.

4. Italic

Dominant in the Italian peninsula was Italic, although the Italic people were not from Italy. They initially came from another location and crossed the Alps to enter Italy. Latin, which is a office of this branch of Indo European linguistic communication family, used to exist spoken by pastoral tribes that inhabited the eye of the Italian peninsula.

Rome boosted the growth of Latin. Several Roman authors such equally Marcus Aurelius, Pliny, Seneca, Cicero and Ovid used Classical Latin in their works. Former languages belonging to this branch, which are all extinct, are Oscan, S Picene, Umbrian, Sabellic and Faliscan. The surviving languages belonging to this branch are the Romance languages: Italian, French, Portuguese, Catalan, Romanian and Spanish.

5. Celtic

The Celtic branch has Insular Celtic and Continental Celtic equally sub-branches. Several Celtic-speaking tribes spread across areas that comprise what we know today every bit Western Czech republic, Austria and Southern Germany in 600 BCE. They also traveled to other places such as the British Isles, Spain, Belgium and French republic before proceeding to the Balkans, Northern Italy and further. By the early part of the 1st century BCE they were dominating a large part of Europe. Julius Caesar conquered Ancient France (Gaul) in 50 BCE followed by the conquest of Great britain by Emperor Claudius. Continental Celtic eventually died, leaving Insular Celtic to boss. Gaulish was a principal language of Continental Celtic.

The British Isles became a development ground for Insular Celtic, which flourished in Ireland, equally the country was geographically isolated. The remaining Celtic languages nonetheless in use today that came from Insular Celtic are Breton, Welsh, Scottish Gaelic and Irish Gaelic.

6. Germanic

The Germanic co-operative of the Indo European language family unit has three sub-branches – Westward Germanic (Old Loftier German, Old Saxon and Old English language) and North Germanic (Old Norse, the grandpa of all the modern Scandinavian language). The third one is East Germanic, which is now extinct.

The Germanic-speaking people inhabited the areas along Southern Scandinavia up to the North Baltic Sea coast. They came into with the Balto-Slavic tribes living in the east and the Finnic speakers residing in the north. The interaction increased the Germanic linguistic communication lexicon, equally it borrowed from the ii other tribes.

Most Vikings spoke several variants of Old Norse and diverse Nordic pre-Christian Germanic sociology and mythology were written in an Old Norse dialect called Onetime Icelandic.

The modernistic survivors from the West Germanic sub-co-operative are Yiddish, Frisian, Dutch and English. On the North Germanic sub-branch, the mod languages include Swedish, Norwegian, Icelandic, Faeroese and Danish.

7. Armenian

Where the Armenian-speaking people originated has non been established yet. Many linguistic historians think that they, together with the Phrygians came from the Balkans and entered Anatolia around the latter part of the 2nd millennium BCE. The Armenian settled near Lake Van (nowadays day Turkey) that was part of Urartu.

Information technology was invaded by the Assyrians in the 8^th century BCE, and the Armenians had control of the area earlier the coming of the Medes. During the reign of the Achaemenid Empire, the expanse became the governing region of Persia. The Persian language in plough has a very strong bear upon on the Armenian language, which caused many scholars to remember that Armenian was function of the Iranian group.

8. Tocharian

The Tocharian-speaking people resided in Western China'south Taklamakan Desert only their history is unknown. Popular Buddhist works that were translations of Tocharian texts were the only evidence of their existence. The translated works were from the sixth to 8th centuries CE although none of them described the Tocharians. Two dissimilar languages, called Tocharian A and Tocharian B were discovered. Remnants of Tocharian A were found in places where bear witness of Tocharian B texts were as well found, suggesting that Tocharian A became extinct and merely kept alive for poetic or religious purposes while Tocharian B was still used as an authoritative language.

The weaving patterns and manner of the clothes of well-preserved mummies establish in the Taklamakan Desert were similar to the cloths woven by Central Europe's Hallstatt civilisation. Genetic and concrete analyses showed resemblances of the mummies with people living in Western Eurasia.

This co-operative of Indo European language family unit no longer exists.

9. Balto-Slavic

The Balto-Slavic branch has Baltic and Slavic for its sub-branches. In the belatedly Statuary Historic period, the Balts occupied areas surrounding Western Poland upwardly to the Ural Mountains and later had settlements in some areas about the Baltic Ocean. The Balts located in the northern office of their territory had contact with the Finnic tribes. The linguistic communication of the Finnic tribes was not included in the Indo European language family but they borrowed a number of words from the Baltic language. Nonetheless, the Balts' territory was considerably reduced past the migrations of Slavic and Gothic tribes.

On the other mitt, the Slavs were residing close to the Western Polish borders to the Dnieper River leading to Republic of belarus. They increased their territory in the 6th century CE through the Balkans and Hellenic republic. Some of them moved further due east close to the Iranian territory resulting in the Slavs borrowing many words into their own lexicon. When they went westward and encountered the Germanic tribes, they once more borrowed heavily from them.

Merely today, merely Lithuanian and Latvian survived among the Baltic languages. Russian, Slovak, Serbian, Shine, Croatian, Czech and Bulgarian are the modern survivors of the Slavic languages.

10. Albanian

Among the branches of the Indo European linguistic communication family unit that has a written grade is Albanian. The exact origin is still subject to speculation. Ane group thinks that Albanian came from Illyrian simply since information about it is scare, things cannot be confirmed or denied. Another group believes Albanian is from Thracian, which is already extinct.

Modern Albanian is the official language in Albania and in other parts of the sometime Yugoslavia and in pocket-size parts of the Commonwealth of Kingdom of morocco, Greece and Southern Italy.

Features of Indo European language family

Many scholars and linguistic experts have done various studies about the relationships of languages inside the aforementioned family since the early part of the 12th century. For case, because the Romance Languages – French, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, Romanian and Catalan all descended from Latin, many words are like. Slavic and German languages may not expect related but at that place are several discoveries that show their human relationship. Subsequently, scholars noticed several cognates that bespeak the relationship between Romance and Germanic languages. One of the most mutual examples is the English language give-and-take "mother," which is "madre" in Spanish and Italian, "mère" in French, "mãe" in Portuguese, "mare" in Catalan and "mutter" in German.

In 1785 William Jones, a approximate who turned into a linguistic scholar, discovered that he could guess the meanings of some words in Sanskrit considering he already knew Greek and Latin. The strongest relationship between cognates is in the numbers, every bit follows:

Number	Sanskrit	Latin	Greek
1	éka	unus	mono-
2	dvá	duo	di-
3	trí	tres	tri-
4	catúr	quattuor	tetra-
v	páñca	quinque	penta-
6	sás	sex	hexa-
seven	saptá	septem	hepta-
eight	astá	octo	octa-
nine	náva	novem	ennea-
10	dása	decem	deca-

Courtesy of http://www.applet-magic.com/indoeuropean.htm

Sanskrit, according to William Jones, is fascinating. One other thing he discovered early on was that the Sanskrit term "mater," translates to "mother" in English. "Padre" in Spanish, is "pitar" in Sanskrit and "father" in English. "Duhitar" is daughter and "sunu" is son.

Below are words that accept common origin from this language family:

The Indo European linguistic communication family unit is the largest among the language families existing today. It includes some of the virtually of import languages in the world, such as the Romance languages, likewise as English, German, Russian and several languages spoken in India and surrounding areas. Their development is fascinating and their relationships become credible upon closer inspection.

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Source: https://www.daytranslations.com/blog/europe-language-family/

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